NATURE AND EXTENT OF SALINITY AND WATERLOGGING PROBLEMS IN INDIA

Abstract

Salty or saturated soil (soggy situation)has emerged asthe principal cause of ecological problems in rural India, affecting outcomes and putting rural livelihoods at risk. This paper explores the challenges viz. character, drivers, and geographic consequences in major states and regions—focusing on the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Gujarat and Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu and Odisha. By studying natural and anthropogenic causes, factors contributing to thewater salinity are highlighted, including excessive use of irrigation, lack of drainage, high degree of evapotranspiration, and saltwater intrusion. This process causes soil health degradation, decreased crop yield, and economic stress in the agricultural community. These socio-economic impacts are based on accelerated rural migration, poverty, and indebtedness, aggravating rural vulnerability. He mentions sustainable solutions like better irrigation methods, salt-resistant crops, bioremediation, and policy solutions for soil health and water management. We propose an integrated approach with a combination of science, technology, and local practices to overcome these challenges. Despite this progress, climate variability and the sustainable scaling of successful practices set many of the most fundamental challenges facing MD systems. Incorporating these findings shall require a concerted effort by policy-makers, farmers, and researchers toward building resilient soil for livelihood support and sustainable agriculture in India.