ADVANCEMENTS IN STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Abstract

This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of cardiovascular regenerative medicine, focusing on the pivotal role of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering. Stem cells, versatile in differentiation capacities, are categorized into embryonic and non-embryonic types, such as hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. Despite classifications, these cells share the fundamental features of boundless self-renewal, asymmetric divisions, and irreversible differentiation. The exploration begins with the backdrop of cardiovascular diseases as a leading cause of mortality, motivating extensive research into myocardial regeneration and repair. Stem cell therapy, emerging a decade ago, seeks to activate endogenous regenerative mechanisms, particularly in conditions like Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). In the context of AMI, the narrative unfolds through trials involving Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMNCs), showcasing conflicting outcomes and prompting a shift toward Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Trials with allogeneic MSCs, including those from umbilical cord sources, show promise in reducing scar size and enhancing Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF). Investigations into Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs further emphasize their benefits in a mini-swine AMI model, indicating survival, differentiation, and positive effects on ventricular remodeling. Ischemic Cardiomyopathy studies, detailed in JAMA, highlight the safety and efficacy of both autologous and allogeneic stem cells, with the latter offering off-the-shelf therapeutic potential, simplifying treatment regimens. The prospect of Tissue Engineered Heart Valves using cryopreserved CD133(+) cells from umbilical cord blood showcases a noteworthy stride in generating viable human heart valves. This involves a meticulous process of expansion, differentiation, and phenotypic analysis within biodegradable polymer scaffolds, promising a symphony of regenerative possibilities. In conclusion, this exploration reveals groundbreaking revelations in cardiovascular medicine, presenting a beacon of hope through the amalgamation of stem cell therapy, innovative trials, and tissue engineering. The symphony of regeneration, conducted by stem cells and engineered tissues, resonates with the promise of a healthier, regenerated heart, marking a significant stride in medical progress.